@article{Maurice_07_lpsc,
author = "Sylvestre Maurice and Roger C. Wiens and Muriel Saccoccio and L. Par\'{e}s and D. Kouach and Bruce Barraclough and B\'{e}atrice Sall\'{e} and Samuel M. Clegg and The ChemCam Team",
title = "Expected {P}erformances of the {C}hem{C}am {I}nstrument for the {M}ars {S}cience {L}aboratory ({MSL}) {R}over",
journal="38th LPSC",
volume="1563",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2007,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1563.pdf}
}
@article{Wiens_05_lpsc,
author = "Roger C. Wiens and Sylvestre Maurice and N. Bridges and B. Clark and David A. Cremers and K. Herkenhoff and L. Kirkland and N. Mangold and G. Manhés and P.Mauchien and C. McKay and Horton Newsom and F. Poitrasson and V. Sautter and C. d’Uston and David Vaniman and S. Shipp",
title = "{C}hem{C}am SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE {M}ARS SCIENCE LABORATORY ({MSL}) {R}over",
journal="36th LPSC",
volume="1580",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2005,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1580.pdf}
}
@article{Maurice_05_lpsc,
author = "Sylvestre Maurice and Roger C. Wiens and G. Manh\'{e}s and David A. Cremers and Bruce Barraclough and J. Bernardin and M. Bouy\'{e} and A. Cros and B. Dubois and E. Durand and S. Hahn and D. Kouach and J. L. Lacour and D. Landis and T. Moore and L. Par\'{e}s and J. Platzer and Muriel Saccoccio and B\'{e}atrice Sall\'{e} and R. Whitaker",
title = "{C}hem{C}am Instrument FOR THE {M}ARS SCIENCE LABORATORY ({MSL}) {R}over",
journal="36th LPSC",
volume="1735",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2005,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1735.pdf}
}
@article{Cremers_87_AS,
author="David A. Cremers",
title="The Analysis of Metals at a Distance Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy",
journal=as,
volume="41",
number="4",
pages="572-579",
year="1987",
month=may,
url="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/1987/00000041/00000004/art00006",
doi="10.1366/0003702874448742",
abstract="Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used to provide a rapid analysis of metals at distances between 0.5 and 2.4 m from the focusing lens and light-collection optics. The laser sparks were generated with the use of pulses from a Nd:YAG laser, and the spark light was collected by the use of a fiber optic cable. The wide acceptance angle of the cable relaxed the constraint that the spark be formed at a precise location for maximum light-collection efficiency and allowed the detection system to be placed remote from the sample. The identification of the main elemental component of eight metals using lines over a 40-nm spectral region was demonstrated by the use of a single laser pulse to record each spectrum. The accuracy and precision of analysis of the minor constituents of steel were determined, and the effect of surface contamination was examined. The application of LIBS to some industrial monitoring situations is discussed."
}
@article{Wachter_87_AS,
author="Joseph R. Wachter and David A. Cremers",
title="Determination of Uranium in Solution Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy",
journal="Applied Spectroscopy",
volume="41",
number="6",
pages="1042-1048",
year="1987",
month=aug,
url="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/1987/00000041/00000006/art00019",
doi="10.1366/0003702874447897",
abstract="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was used to determine uranium in solution for possible application to process control in nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. Pulses from a Nd: YAG laser were focused on the surfaces of the liquids in order to generate the sparks. The spark light was spectrally resolved and detected with the use of a time-gated photodiode array. The detection limit for uranium in 4 molar nitric acid was 0.1 g/L. Measurement precisions were 1-2\% for a 4.2-g/L solution with the use of 1600 laser sparks, corresponding to a measurement time of about three minutes. A calibration curve was prepared that spanned uranium concentrations from 0.1 to 300 g/L. The effects of some experimental parameters on the analysis are discussed."
}
@article{Cremers_03_AS,
author="R. Brennetot and J. L. Lacour and E. Vors and A. Rivoallan and D. Vailhen and Sylestre Maurice",
title="Mars Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (MALIS): Influence of Mars Atmosphere on Plasma Emission and Study of Factors Influencing Plasma Emission with the use of Doehlert Designs",
journal="Applied Spectroscopy",
volume="57",
number="7",
pages="744-752",
year="2003",
month=jul,
url="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2003/00000057/00000007/art00004",
doi="10.1366/000370203322102816",
abstract="A project called MALIS (Mars Analysis by Laser-Induced breakdown Spectroscopy) is under progress to perform in situ analysis of Mars soils and rocks. This paper reports on the behavior of plasma in Martian conditions, i.e., in a CO2 atmosphere at pressures between 5 and 12 mbar. Plasma expansion and lifetime have been studied in order to compare plasma evolution under standard conditions (air at atmospheric pressure) and in a Mars atmosphere. We have shown that the Mars environment favors plasma expansion and lifetime. The second part of the study concerns optimization of the emission signal from the plasma. An original approach has been chosen, as we used a Doehlert design for the first time in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The best conditions obtained are for a laser wavelength of 1064 nm with the maximum energy available due to space limitations, which is 40 mJ at 15 Hz. The other factors studied are delay, angle of incidence, and CO2 pressure. We have shown that these factors do not have the same influence depending on which spectroscopic line is used, i.e., the atomic line or the ionic line."
}
@article{Salle_05_SAb,
author="B\'{e}atrice Sall\'{e} and David A. Cremers and Sylvestre Maurice and Roger C. Wiens and Pascal Fichet",
title="Evaluation of a compact spectrograph for in-situ and stand-off Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analyses of geological samples on Mars missions",
journal=actab,
volume="60",
number="6",
pages="805-815",
year="2005",
month=jul,
url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THN-4GDBTBB-1&_user=2493154&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1085170683&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000057551&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2493154&md5=58cd891dbfffd8f54b048e61e5211441",
doi="10.1016/j.sab.2005.05.007",
abstract="Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is actively under development for future use on surface probes to Mars. The analytical method can be deployed for in-situ and/or stand-off analysis with the latter embodiment providing the greatest advantages compared to previous and current elemental analysis methods used for planetary surface analysis. For this application, LIBS must be thoroughly investigated in terms of analytical capabilities and flight-rated instruments must be developed. Because of the low pressure of the predominantly CO2 atmosphere on Mars, studies are needed to understand analytical requirements and to determine performance under these conditions. Stand-off analysis demands the most stringent requirements on instrumentation. Therefore, it must be determined if the high performance components that are normally used in a typical LIBS laboratory setup, which are generally not optimized for small size and weight, are essential to obtain the maximum scientific return from a mission. A key component of a LIBS apparatus is the detection system consisting of a spectrograph and a detector. Here we present an evaluation of one design of a compact spectrograph (Ocean Optics HR2000) for in-situ and stand-off LIBS analyses of geological samples under Mars atmospheric conditions."
}
@article{Salle_05_SAa,
author="B\'{e}atrice Sall\'{e} and David A. Cremers and Sylvestre Maurice and Roger C. Wiens",
title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for space exploration applications: Influence of the ambient pressure on the calibration curves prepared from soil and clay samples",
journal=actab,
volume="60",
number="4",
pages="479-490",
year="2005",
month=apr,
doi="10.1016/j.sab.2005.05.007",
url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THN-4FV35K1-1&_user=2493154&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=docinfo%28%23toc%235287%232005%23999399995%23597329%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5287&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=21&_acct=C000057551&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2493154&md5=e3e58b4569f7131459fa9440fb568ef0",
abstract="Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for stand-off detection of geological samples for use on landers and rovers to Mars, and for other space applications. For space missions, LIBS analysis capabilities must be investigated and instrumental development is required to take into account constraints such as size, weight, power and the effect of environmental atmosphere (pressure and ambient gas) on flight instrument performance. In this paper, we study the in-situ LIBS method at reduced pressure (7 Torr CO2 to simulate the Martian atmosphere) and near vacuum (50 mTorr in air to begin to simulate the Moon or asteroids' pressure) as well as at atmospheric pressure in air (for Earth conditions and comparison). Here in-situ corresponds to distances on the order of 150 mm in contrast to stand-off analysis at distance of many meters. We show the influence of the ambient pressure on the calibration curves prepared from certified soil and clay pellets. In order to detect simultaneously all the elements commonly observed in terrestrial soils, we used an Echelle spectrograph. The results are discussed in terms of calibration curves, measurement precision, plasma light collection system efficiency and matrix effects."
}
@article{Cremers_95_AS,
author="Laurence Galoisy and Georges Calas and Gordon E. Brown, Jr.",
title="Intracrystalline distribution of Ni in San Carlos olivine: An EXAFS study",
journal="American Mineralogist",
volume="80",
number="9",
pages="1089-1092",
year="1995",
month=sep,
url="http://minsocam.org/MSA/ammin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Galoisy_p1089-1092_95.pdf",
abstract="The location of minor amounts of Ni (0.44 wt\% NiO) in the structure of San Carlos olivine has been determined using Ni K-edge fluorescence EXAFS spectroscopy. The mean Ni-O distance, d(Ni-O) = 2.08 \AA, suggests a preferential location of Ni in the Ml site. The observed distance is smaller than the Mg-O distance in the Ml site of \alpha-Mg2Si04 [mean d(M1-0) = 2.10 \AA] and is similar to the average M1-0 distance in olivines close to the San Carlos composition [mean d(M1-0) = 2.09 \AA]. The most important relaxation effect resulting from the Ni for Mg substitution is a smaller mean M1-0 distance. The medium-range distribution of Ni (up to 4.5 \AA from the central Ni atom) in the San Carlos olivine structure was estimated by modeling EXAFS spectra, considering various M1 and M2 cation distributions around M1 (Ni) sites. These models suggest medium-range ordering of Ni and Fe in adjacent M1 and M2 sites of the olivine structure and nonideal behavior of Ni in San Carlos olivine."
}
@article{Wiens_07_lpsc,
author = "Shiv K. Sharma and A. K. Misra and P. G. Lucey and Roger C. Wiens and Samuel M. Clegg",
title = "Combined Remote {LIBS} and {R}aman Spectroscopy of Minerals using a Single Laser Source",
journal="38th LPSC",
volume="1208",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2007,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1208.pdf},
}
@article{Clegg2009MVA,
title = "Multivariate analysis of remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra using partial least squares, principal component analysis, and related techniques",
author = "Samuel M. Clegg and Elizabeth Sklute and M. Darby Dyar and James E. Barefield and Roger C. Wiens",
journal = actab,
volume = "64",
number = "1",
pages = "79--88",
year = "2009",
month = nov,
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THN-4TWV5G0-1/2/361ffd41da74bb65edab97c044b65384",
doi = "10.1016/j.sab.2008.10.045",
abstract = "Quantitative analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy traditionally employs calibration curves that are complicated by chemical matrix effects. These chemical matrix effects influence the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy plasma and the ratio of elemental composition to elemental emission line intensity. Consequently, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy calibration typically requires a priori knowledge of the unknown, in order for a series of calibration standards similar to the unknown to be employed. In this paper, three new Multivariate Analysis techniques are employed to analyze the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra of 18 disparate igneous and highly-metamorphosed rock samples. Partial Least Squares analysis is used to generate a calibration model from which unknown samples can be analyzed. Principal Components Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy are employed to generate a model and predict the rock type of the samples. These Multivariate Analysis techniques appear to exploit the matrix effects associated with the chemistries of these 18 samples.",
%note = "", %#issn = "0584-8547", %keywords = "Remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy", %keywords = "Multivariate analysis", %keywords = "Principal components analysis", %keywords = "Partial least squares",
}
@article{forni_09_lpsc,
author = "O. Forni and Samuel M. Clegg and Roger C. Wiens and Silvestre Maurice and O. Gasnault",
title = "MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF {C}HEM{C}AM FIRST CALIBRATION SAMPLES",
journal="40th LPSC",
volume="1523",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2009,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1523.pdf},
}
@article{vanniman_09_lpsc,
author = "David T. Vaniman and Samuel M. Clegg and Nina Lanza and Horton Newsom and Roger C. Wiens and {The ChemCam Team}",
title = "FABRICATION OF SULFATE-BEARING CERAMIC CALIBRATION TARGETS FOR THE {C}HEM{C}AM LASER SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENT, MARS SCIENCE LANDER",
journal="40th LPSC",
volume="2296",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2009,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2296.pdf},
}
@article{fabre_09_lpsc,
author = "C. Fabre and Silvestre Maurice, V. Sautter, Roger C. Wiens, J. Dubessy, M.C. Boiron and {The ChemCam Team}",
title = "ONBOARD CALIBRATION SILICATE TARGETS FOR THE {C}HEM{C}AM LIBS INSTRUMENT ({MSL} ROVER)",
journal="40th LPSC",
volume="1502",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2009,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1502.pdf},
}
@article{maurice_09_lpsc,
author = "Silvestre Maurice and Roger C. Wiens and L. Par\'{e}s and Steven Bender and N. le Roch and J. Dalmau and M. Berth\'{e} and Y. Langevin and K. Herkenhoff and N. Bridges and M. Saccoccio and {The ChemCam Team}",
title = "Characterization of {C}hem{C}am ({MSL}) Imaging Capability.",
journal="40th LPSC",
volume="1864",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2009,
month = mar,
url = {http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1864.pdf},
}
@article{saccoccio_08_ICSO,
author = "M. Saccoccio and Roger C. Wiens and L. Par\'{e}s and Steven Bender and N. le Roch and J. Dalmau and M. Berth\'{e} and Y. Langevin and K. Herkenhoff and N. Bridges and M. Saccoccio and {The ChemCam Team}",
title = "{C}hem{C}am on {MSL}2009: First Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometer for Space Science",
journal="International Conference on Space Optics, Toulouse",
howpublished = "On the Web",
year = 2008,
month = oct,
url = {http://www.icsoconference2008.com/page.php?p=conference&l=en},
}
@article {LIBSinSpace2000,
author = "Andrew K. Knight and Nancy L. Scherbarth and David A. Cremers and Monty J. Ferris",
title = "Characterization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Application to Space Exploration",
journal = as,
volume = "54",
number = "10",
month = mar,
year = "2000",
abstract = "Early in the next century, several space missions are planned with the goal of landing craft on asteroids, comets, the Moon, and Mars. To increase the scientific return of these missions, new methods are needed to provide (1) significantly more analyses per mission lifetime, and (2) expanded analytical capabilities. One method that has the potential to meet both of these needs for the elemental analysis of geological samples is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). These capabilities are possible because the laser plasma provides rapid analysis and the laser pulse can be focused on a remotely located sample to perform a stand-off measurement. Stand-off is defined as a distance up to 20 m between the target and laser. Here we present the results of a characterization of LIBS for the stand-off analysis of soils at reduced air pressures and in a simulated Martian atmosphere (5-7 torr pressure of CO2) showing the feasibility of LIBS for space exploration. For example, it is demonstrated that an analytically useful laser plasma can be generated at distances up to 19 m by using only 35 mJ/pulse from a compact laser. Some characteristics of the laser plasma at reduced pressure were also investigated. Temporally and spectrally resolved imaging showed significant changes in the plasma as the pressure was reduced and also showed that the analyte signals and mass ablated from a target were strongly dependent on pressure. As the pressure decreased from 590 torr to the 40-100 torr range, the signals increased by a factor of about 3-4, and as the pressure was further reduced the signals decreased. This behavior can be explained by pressure-dependent changes in the mass of material vaporized and the frequency of collisions between species in the plasma. Changes in the temperature and the electron density of the plasmas with pressure were also examined and detection limits for selected elements were determined. Index Headings: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; Laser spark; Soil analysis; Space exploration.",
pages = "331--340",
url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2000/00000054/00000003/art00003",
doi = "doi:10.1366/0003702001949591"
}
@article {Brennetot:LIBSonMars,
author = "R. Brennetot and J. L. Lacour and E. Vors and A. Rivoallan and D. Vailhen and Sylestre Maurice",
title = "Mars Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (MALIS): Influence of Mars Atmosphere on Plasma Emission and Study of Factors Influencing Plasma Emission with the use of Doehlert Designs",
journal = as,
volume = "57",
number = "9",
year = "2003",
month = jul,
abstract = "A project called MALIS (Mars Analysis by Laser-Induced breakdown Spectroscopy) is under progress to perform in situ analysis of Mars soils and rocks. This paper reports on the behavior of plasma in Martian conditions, i.e., in a CO2 atmosphere at pressures between 5 and 12 mbar. Plasma expansion and lifetime have been studied in order to compare plasma evolution under standard conditions (air at atmospheric pressure) and in a Mars atmosphere. We have shown that the Mars environment favors plasma expansion and lifetime. The second part of the study concerns optimization of the emission signal from the plasma. An original approach has been chosen, as we used a Doehlert design for the first time in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The best conditions obtained are for a laser wavelength of 1064 nm with the maximum energy available due to space limitations, which is 40 mJ at 15 Hz. The other factors studied are delay, angle of incidence, and CO2 pressure. We have shown that these factors do not have the same influence depending on which spectroscopic line is used, i.e., the atomic line or the ionic line.",
pages = "744--752",
url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2003/00000057/00000007/art00004",
doi = "doi:10.1366/000370203322102816"
}
@article {NISTatomic,
author="Yu. Ralchenko and A. E. Kramida and J. Reader and NIST ASD Team",
title="NIST Atomic Spectra Database (version 3.1.5)",
journal = "NIST Atomic Spectra Database",
volume="Version 3.1.5",
year="2008",
url = "http://physics.nist.gov/asd3",
institution="National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"
}